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The beginnings of the Imperial Maritime Customs date back to June 1854, when the Chinese authorities accepted a need for a foreign Inspectorate of Customs to oversee the operations of the Chinese Customs Houses in Shanghai. This need was partly driven by the rampant smuggling and corruption resulting from China's increasing trade and commerce, and partly to ensure that all the tariff revenues were collected consistently at the trade ports. The Treaty Powers were also keen to ensure that all the revenues were passed on to the Emperor who had been obliged by the 1842 Treaty of Nanking, which ended the first Opium War, to pay indemnities amounting to 21 million Mexican silver dollars. While the appointments to the Inspectorate were to be made by the Shanghai Taotai, the nominations to the senior posts were to be made by the Treaty Power Consuls, being the British, French and American Consuls. The office of the Inspectorate was duly opened at Shanghai in July 1854. Following the Arrow War, popularly known as the Second Opium War, the Chinese authorities were forced to sign a new treaty with the British in June 1858: this was the Treaty of Tientsin. The Treaty of Tientsin obliged the Chinese authorities to open further ports, including Taiwan, and to set up the Inspectorate system in all of the so-called Treaty Ports. The Treaty of Tientsin and its consequent Convention of Peking imposed further indemnities upon the Chinese Government; it was now stipulated that the indemnity should be paid out of Customs revenue in the amount of a further 28 million taels. The tael (38.24 gms) was a measure of silver specifically used to pay tariffs and with a value some 40% higher than that of the Mexican dollar (26.69 gms). It should be emphasized that the Inspectorate, though staffed overwhelmingly with foreigners was a Department of the Chinese Government. The task of expanding the Inspectorate fell to Horatio Nelson Lay [李泰國] who was appointed Chief Commissioner [總稅務司] in 1858, and he styled himself as the Inspector General. |
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After appointing a Commissioner for Shanghai, Lay sailed to Canton where he appointed a Commissioner with Robert Hart [赫德] as Deputy Commissioner. Hart had originally come out to China to serve in the British Consular service in 1854. Given the importance of Lay's job, especially as regards to the repayment of the indemnities, he was required to be in attendance at Peking. In his place Hart was promoted in 1861 as one of two acing Inspector Generals. Lay meanwhile had travelled to England where he was ordered to purchase certain gunboats to help suppress the Taiping rebels who were then threatening to overthrow the Ch'ing government. Lay, however, overreached his orders and attempted to form a European Chinese Navy. Upon his return to China in 1863 Lay was promptly dismissed for exceeding the Emperor's orders and Robert Hart was appointed Inspector General. Hart's managerial and diplomatic skills enabled the Imperial Maritime Customs to grow at a rapid rate and he was held in high regard by the Ch'ing authorities in Peking. While Lay had established foreign Custom Houses at Shanghai [上海], Canton [廣州], Swatow [汕頭], Ningpo [寧波] and Chinkiang [京江] before his departure to Peking and London in 1861 and deserves great credit; Hart established Custom Houses at Tientsin [天津], Foochow [福州], Hankow [漢口], Kiukiang [九江], Amoy [下門], Chefoo [芝罘, 煙臺], Tamsui [淡水], Takow [打狗] and finally Newchwang [牛莊] by 1864. The following is a list drawn from various sources, mainly from the China Directories (as available), the Imperial Maritime Customs' Staff Lists, and the British Foreign Office records, of the men who served the Ch'ing government in the Imperial Maritime Customs in South Formosa. |
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Takow & Taiwanfoo [after 1887, Tainan] 打狗 & 臺灣府 [1887之後改名爲"臺南"]
臺灣關 Tai-wan-kwan 1864. Commissioner - William Maxwell[i]. Assistant Brodie Augustus Clarke[ii]. Tide Surveyor Thomas Edgar[iii]. Tidewaiters - George Gue[iv], George Donaldson Henry[v], William Alexander Pickering[vi] (Taiwanfoo).
1865. Commissioner - William Maxwell. Assistant - Henry James Fisher[vii]. Tide Surveyor - William G Merrick[viii]. Tidewaiters - George Gue, George Donaldson Henry, William Alexander Pickering (Taiwanfoo).
1866. Commissioner - Francis William White[ix]. Acting Commissioner Henry James Fisher. Tidewaiter George Gue.
1867. Commissioner - Francis William White. Assistant Henry James Fisher. Tide Surveyor & Acting Harbour Master William G. Merrick. Weigher W. Emery. Tidewaiters George Gue (Taiwanfoo), J. Bocfot, W. B. McSwiney[x] (Taiwanfoo), J. Hockings.
1868. Commissioner - I. Alexander Man[xi].
1869. Commissioner - I. Alexander Man. Tidewaiter - Robert John Hastings[xii].
1870. [no data]
1871. [no data]
1872. TAKOW: Assistant in charge - William Cartwright[xiii]. Assistant A. Courtau[xiv]. Tide Surveyor George Gue. Examiner David Lark[xv]. TAIWANFOO: Assistant Robert Isaac Lent[xvi]. Tidewaiters F. Diercks, Robert John Hastings.
1873. TAKOW: Acting Commissioner James Lennart Hammond[xvii]. Assistant A. Courtau. Tide Surveyor George Gue. Examiner David Lark. TAIWANFOO: Assistant Robert Isaac Lent. Tidewaiters F. Diercks, Robert John Hastings.
1874. Commissioner - James Henry Hart[xviii]. Acting Commissioner Henry Edgar[xix] (July to January 1875). Assistants - Robert Isaac Lent, H. Segar. Tide Surveyor - George Gue. Examiner Richard James Trannack[xx]. Tidewaiters Robert John Hastings, Leonard Le Breton[xxi], G. J. Bayley[xxii].
1875. Commissioner - H O Brown[xxiii]. Assistant Examiner Robert John Hastings.
1876. Commissioner - H O Brown (to March). Acting Commissioners John McLeavy Brown[xxiv] (to December), Thomas Francis Hughes[xxv] (from December 23).
1877. Commissioner - Herbert Elgar Hobson[xxvi]. Acting Commissioner - Thomas Francis Hughes (to March). Assistants Robert Isaac Lent, Edmund Hornby Grimani[xxvii]. Tide-surveyor & Harbour Master W. N. Folsom[xxviii]. Examiner Robert John Hastings. Tidewaiters O. Middleton[xxix], L. Liedeke[xxx], E. MacCarty[xxxi], W. E. Moxham[xxxii].
1878. Commissioner Herbert Elgar Hobson. Tide-surveyor & Harbour Master - . Examiner Robert John Hastings. Tide-waiters O. Middleton, L. Liedeke, E. MacCarty, W. E. Moxham, George J. Eliott[xxxiii].
1879. TAKOW: Commissioner Herbert Elgar Hobson. Assistant in Charge - Frank Arthur Morgan[xxxiv]. Assistant William Franklin Spinney[xxxv]. Tide-surveyor & Harbour Master Thomas Norman Manners[xxxvi]. Tide-waiter E. MacCarty. Linguist See Bwan Aun. ANPING: Commissioner - Herbert Elgar Hobson. Assistant in Charge Frank Arthur Morgan. Assistant A. Courtau. Examiner James Dullen Smith[xxxvii]. Tide-waiters C. C. Jeremiassen[xxxviii], G. Roberts. Linguist Chun Mun.
1880. TAKOW: Assistants in Charge Frank Arthur Morgan (to February), William Burrowes Russell[xxxix]. Assistants Frank Arthur Morgan, Jonathan Willie Innocent[xl]. Tide-surveyor & Harbour Master Thomas Norman Manners. Assistant Examiner Robert John Hastings. Tide-waiters James Lewis Tebbutt[xli], G. Roberts. Linguist Chew Tiam Eck. ANPING: Assistants in Charge Frank Arthur Morgan (to February), William Burrowes Russell. Assistant A. Courtau. Examiner James Dullen Smith. Tide-waiters Henry Heather[xlii], August W. Bφhncke[xliii]. Linguist Chun Mun.
1881. TAKOW: Assistant in Charge William Burrowes Russell (to April). Commissioner Alfred Novion[xliv] (from 23 April). Assistants Jonathan Willie Innocent (to November), George H. J. Kleinwδchter[xlv] (from 10 November). Medical Officer William Wykeham Myers. Tide-surveyor & Harbour Master Thomas Norman Manners. Assistant Examiner Robert John Hastings. Tide-waiters Henry Heather, G. Roberts. Linguist Chew Tiam Eck. ANPING: Assistant in Charge William Burrowes Russell (to April). Commissioner - Alfred Novion (from 23 April). Assistant A. Courtau. Tide-waiters James Lewis Tebbutt, J. Horning. Linguist Chun Mun.
1882. TAKOW: Commissioner - Alfred Novion. Assistant George H. J. Kleinwδchter (to October), Sigismund [Ritter] von Fries[xlvi] (from 5 October). Medical Officer William Wykeham Myers. Acting Tide-surveyor A. W. Field[xlvii]. Assistant Examiner Loughlan Alan Byworth[xlviii]. Tide-waiter Richard Herbert Nazer[xlix]. Linguist Lu Kwong Sing. ANPING: Commissioner - Alfred Novion. Assistant A. Courtau. Assistant Examiner Robert John Hastings, G. Swainson. Tide-waiters Henry Heather, David Browne[l]. Linguist Chun Mun.
1883. TAKOW: Commissioner - Alfred Novion (to January). Assistant in Charge - George Carter Stent[li]. Assistant George H. J. Kleinwδchter. Medical Officer W. Wykeham Myers. Tide-surveyor & Harbour Master A. W. Field. Assistant Examiner Loughlan Alan Byworth. Tide-waiters Richard Herbert Nazer, David Browne. Linguist L. Kwong Sing. ANPING: Commissioner - Alfred Novion (to January). Assistant-in-charge George Carter Stent. Assistant A. Courtau. Assistant Examiner Robert John Hastings. Tide-waiters Henry Heather, J. Horning. Linguist Chun Mun.
1884. TAKOW: Assistants in Charge George Carter Stent (to September), Henry Ferdinand Merrill[lii]. Assistant Ernst Konrad A. Ruhstrat[liii]. Medical Officer William Wykeham Myers. Tide-surveyor & Harbour Master Charles John Price[liv]. Assistant Examiner G. Mason. Tide-waiters S. Hancock, J. Godment. Chinese Clerk L. Kwong Sing. ANPING: Assistants in charge George Carter Stent (to September), Henry Ferdinand Merrill. Boat Officer J. F. Dubois[lv]. Assistant Examiner G. Swainson. Tide-waiter H. C. Russell[lvi]. Chinese Clerk Chun Mun.
1885. Assistants in charge Henry Ferdinand Merrill (to January), Edward Fitzgerald Creagh[lvii]. Assistant Ernst Konrad A. Ruhstrat. Medical Officer William Wykeham Myers. Tide-surveyor Charles John Price. Boat Officer J. F. Dubois (Anping). Assistant Examiner G. Swainston (Anping). Tide-waiters S. Hancock, J. Godment, H. C. Russell (Anping). Chinese Clerks Lu Kwong Sing, Chun Mun.
1886. Assistant in charge Edward Fitzgerald Creagh (to January). Acting Commissioner - James Mackey[lviii]. Assistants R. de Nully, Ernst Konrad A. Ruhstrat. Medical Officer William Wykeham Myers. Tide Surveyor J. Nielsen. Boat Officer Edmund Molloy[lix] (Anping). Examiner G. Swainston (Anping). Assistant Examiner F. Cartman[lx]. Tidewaiters J. T. Green, H. Schweiger (Anping), Alphonse Hermann Rogister[lxi], J. W. Scott (Anping). Chinese Clerks Lu Kwong Sing, Ip A Hon, Moh Sih Chun.
1887. Acting Commissioner James Mackey (to February). Commissioner - Francis Eben Woodruff[lxii]. Assistants S. von Fries (Anping), A. Duncan. Medical Officer William Wykeham Myers, M.B.. Acting Tide Surveyor Edmund Molloy. Boat Officer Leonard le Breton[lxiii] (Anping). Examiner G. Swainston (Anping). Assistant Examiner F. Cartman. Tidewaiters C. H. Erskine, J. W. Scott (Anping), Alphonse Hermann Rogister, G. Kopp. Chinese Clerks Mak Sze-che, A Hon, Moh Sih Chun (Anping).
1888. Commissioner - Francis Eben Woodruff. Assistants S. von Fries, Amoy Lay[lxiv] (Anping), Samuel J. Hanisch[lxv]. Medical Officer William Wykeham Myers,M.B.. Acting Tide Surveyor Edmund Molloy. Boat Officer G. Swainston (Anping). Examiner G. Whitlock (Anping). Assistant Examiner W. G. Tindall[lxvi] (Anping). Tidewaiters C. H. Erskine (Anping), Alphonse Hermann Rogister, G. Kopp. Chinese Clerks Mak Sze-che, Yip Ah Hon, and Moh Sih Chiu (Anping).
1889. Assistant in Charge - Amoy Lay (to April). Commissioner Henry Charles Joseph Kopsch[lxvii] (from 15 April to 23 May). Acting Commissioner - James Russell Brazier[lxviii]. Acting Tidesurveyor Cecil Percy Dawson[lxix].
1890. TAKOW: Acting Commissioner James Russell Brazier. Assistant C. E. S. Wakefield. Medical Officer William Wykeham Myers,M.B.. Acting Tidesurveyor Cecil Percy Dawson. Assistant Examiner G. Whitlock. Tidewaiters J. Langley, O. E. M. Bόnese, J. Moorhouse, A. Myles. Chinese Clerks Mak Sze-che, Yip Ah Hon. ANPING: Assistant in Charge Samuel J. Hanisch. Acting Boat Officer George William Luce[lxx]. Assistant Examiner W. G. Tindall. Tidewaiter F. J. Woodcock. Chinese Clerk Cheong Yin.
臺南新關 Tai-nan-hsin-kwan
1891. TAKOW: Acting Commissioners J. R. Brazier (to March), Percy Hugh Seymour Montgomery[lxxi] (from 23 April). Assistant in Charge - J. H. M. Moorhead[lxxii] (from 7 March to April). Fourth Assistant L. A. Lyall. Medical Officer William Wykeham Myers, M.B.. Tidesurveyor T. H. Kingsley. Assistant Examiner G. Whitlock. Second Class Tidewaiter F. J. Woodcock. Probationary Tidewaiter F. Mc Lavy. Chinese Clerk Mak Sze-che. ANPING: Second Assistant Samuel J. Hanisch. Acting Boat Officer W. G. Tindall. Examiner G. Whitlock. Assistant Examiner A. E. Pfankuchen. 1st Class Tidewaiter J. Hinriks. 3rd Class Tidewaiter A. Myles. Probationary Tidewaiter A. Walters. Chinese Clerks Cheong Yin, Tat Tin Chak.
1892. TAKOW: Acting Commissioner Percy Hugh Seymour Montgomery. Commissioner - H. Edgar. Assistants J. H. M. Moorhead, A. Grundmann. Medical Officer W. Wykeham Myers, M.B.. Acting Tidesurveyor W. Sanders. Assistant Examiner G. Whitlock. Tidewaiter C. A McCallum[lxxiii]. ANPING: Acting Boat Officer Richard Henry Strangman[lxxiv]. Examiner G. Whitlock. Assistant Examiner A. E. Pfankuchen. Tidewaiters F. J. Woodcock, F. McLavy[lxxv]. Probationary Tidewaiter R. Rowe.
1893. Commissioner Henry Edgar (to 31 January and from 17 December). Acting Commissioner [Ritter] Ludwig von Fries[lxxvi] (February to December). Assistants Ernest Alabaster[lxxvii], Conway Knox Fletcher[lxxviii]. Medical Officer William Wykeham Myers,M.B.. Tide Surveyor W. Sanders. Acting Boat Officer Richard Henry Strangman. Examiner G. Whitlock. Assistant Examiner A. E. Pfankuchen. Tidewaiters F. McLavy, C. A. McAllum, G. Jenkel, F. Rowe. Chinese Clerks Chan Lόn Tai, Tin Chak (Anping), Sin Tseung-pan.
1894. Acting Commissioner - William Franklin Spinney (transfers place of residence to Anping). Assistants Augustine Henry[lxxix], Ernest Alabaster (Anping). Medical Officer William Wykeham Myers, M.B.. Acting Tidesurveyor W. Sanders. Acting Boat Officer Richard Henry Strangman (Anping). Assistant Examiner A. E. Pfankuchen (Anping). Tidewaiters F. McLavy, C. A. McCallum, G. Jenkel.
1895. Acting Commissioner - William Franklin Spinney. Assistants Augustine Henry, Charlton Thorne[lxxx]. Medical Officer William Wykeham Myers,M.B.. Acting Tidesurveyor . Acting Boat Officer Richard Henry Strangman. Assistant Examiner James Arthur Tipp[lxxxi]. Tidewaiters G. Langley, F. McLavy (Takow), C. A. McCallum, S. Burton[lxxxii].
On 23 May 1895 a Republic of Taiwan had been declared in the face of the Japanese takeover of the island, which had been ceded to Japan under the terms of the Treaty of Shimonoseki. Following this declaration of the Republic, the staff of the Imperial Maritime Customs, being a department of the Ch'ing government. in the south left the island from Anping. Although the majority of the Customs staff managed to cross the Anping 'bar', two Tidewaiters were forced to turn back by the dangerous surf. These two were C. A. McAllum and S. Burton, who thereupon took over the function of the Customs under the Republic of Taiwan. It seems to have been considered that McCallum, with his 5 years as a Tidewaiter, was held responsible for this episode for he resigned the same year from the Imperial Maritime Customs; whereas Burton, with just two years experience in the Customs, continued on to serve the Maritime Customs until his retirement in 1924. Endnotes [i] British. Maxwell was born about 1835 in Stirlingshire. Joined IMC as a Third Class Clerk in September 1862; died when Commissioner in September 1865. Buried at Shanghai. [ii] British (Scottish). Brodie Clarke was born in 1844 at Nairn, Scotland. He came out to China and joined the IMC in 1863 but resigned in 1864. In 1865 he had become a Mercantile Agent at Takow. He died at Shanghai in 1931. [iii] American. Edgar joined the IMC as a Tidewaiter in May 1862 no further record. [iv] British. Gue was born 1839 in Middlesex. Joined IMC as a Watcher in October 1862; died at Takow in February 1876 when a Tidesurveyor. Buried at Takow Foreign Cemetery. [v] George Donaldson Henry was born in Aberdeen about 1830. Possibly the same as J. D. Henry who resigned from the IMC as a Tidewaiter in January1866. [vi] British. Pickering was born 1840 in Nottingham. Joined IMC as a Tidewaiter in October 1862; resigned as a Tidewaiter at Takow in January 1866. He married Ellen Webster in 1872 at Nottingham. Became the first Protector of Chinese in the Straits Settlements in 1877. He retired in 1890 and died in 1907 at San Remo, Italy. [vii] British. Fisher joined the IMC as a Fourth Clerk in February 1862; he resigned while on leave as a First Assistant, B, in April 1890. [viii] British. Merrick was born in Worcestershire about 1829. Joined IMC as a Tidewaiter in July 1860; discharged when a Tidesurveyor in December 1867. [ix] British. White joined IMC as a Fourth Class Clerk in August 1859; died in May 1894 while serving as Commissioner at Foochow. [x] British. McSwiney joined the IMC as a Tidewaiter in March 1861; he was discharged when a Second Class Tidewaiter in July 1871. [xi] British. Probably J. Alexander Stuart Man who joined the IMC in February 1863 as Fourth Class Clerk and Private Secretary to Lay, then Hart; resigned in May 1881 when Commissioner, Audit Secretary at Peking. Presumably Capt John Alexander Man (1841-1908), (Capt I. Alexander Man, Royal Aberdeenshire Highlanders) who donated many Taiwan Aborigine artefacts to the British Museum in 1870. Man's Chinese name was [滿三德]. [xii] British. Robert Hastings joined the IMC as a Tidewaiter in December 1868; he resigned in October 1882 when serving as an Assistant Examiner at Takow. [xiii] British. Cartwright [葛德立] joined the IMC in August 1863 as Secretary to the Inspector General. He was appointed Commissioner in January 1873 and retired from the Service in May 1895. (see CMC Project: Cartwright, W. I, 393) [xiv] French. A. Courtau joined IMC as a Tidewaiter in May 1861; resigned in April 1893 when an Assistant at Hankow. [xv] Presumed to be David (James) Lark. British. Joined IMC as a Watcher in January 1866; died at Foochow in May 1875, when serving as an Examiner. [xvi] British. Lent joined the IMC as a Second Assistant in May 1863; died in June 1891 while serving as an Assistant at Shanghai. (presumed to be same as J Robert Lent). [xvii] American. James Lennart Hammond joined the IMC as a Fourth Class Clerk in June 1859; resigned in November 1879 while serving as Commissioner at the Philadelphia Exhibition Commission. [xviii] British. James Henry Hart was born in 1847. Hart joined IMC as a Fourth Class Clerk in August 1867; died in November 1902 when Commissioner on leave. [xix] British. Edgar joined the IMC in August 1868 as a Fourth Assistant, A; he resigned in July 1901 when Commissioner at Shasi. He was Acting Commissioner at the time of the Japanese Expedition of 1874, according to Davidson. [xx] British. Richard James Trannack joined IMC as a Second Class Tidewaiter in July 1864; died at Amoy in January 1895 while serving as a Tide Surveyor. [xxi] British. Le Breton joined the IMC as a Tidewaiter in June 1871; he resigned in March 1897 when serving as Chief Examiner at Ningpo. [xxii] Probably G. T. Bayly, British, who joined the Service in March 1871 as a Tidewaiter and was dismissed in November 1881 at Pakhoi when an Assistant Examiner. [xxiii] British. H O Brown joined the IMC as a Fourth Class Clerk in June 1864; he resigned at Kiungchow where he was Commissioner in December 1879. [xxiv] British. John McLeavy Brown was born at Lisburn, Ireland on 27 November 1835. Brown joined the IMC in 1870 as a First Class Clerk, Supernumerary. He retired in December 1913 with the rank of Commissioner, on detachment to Korea. Brown died in April 1926. [xxv] British. Hughes [許妥瑪] joined the IMC in April 1865 as a Third Class Clerk; died in February 1902 while serving as Commissioner at Kiukiang. [xxvi] British. Herbert Elgar Hobson was born in 1844 at Ashbourne, Derbyshire. Hobson joined the IMC as a Fourth Class Clerk in June 1862; resigned in May 1912 when Commissioner on leave. Chinese name [好博遜]. Hobson died in 1922 at Madeley, Shropshire. [xxvii] British. Edmund Hornby Grimani was born on 1 February 1848 at Culmore, Londonderry. He joined IMC in November 1872 as a Fourth Class Clerk; resigned in September 1904 when Deputy Commissioner on leave. During his time in the IMC Grimani published various engravings in the Illustrated London News. He was the brother-in-law of Thomas Francis Hughes. Grimani died at Portsmouth in 1931. [xxviii] American. Folsom joined the IMC in June 1864 as a Tidewaiter; died in August 1878 at Shanghai where he was a Tidesurveyor. [xxix] British. Middleton joined the IMC as a Third Class Tidewaiter in September 1874; discharged when an Assistant Examiner at Canton in March 1880. [xxx] German. Liedeke joined the IMC in March 1873 as a Watcher; resigned in April 1914 at Samshui. [xxxi] American. MacCarty joined the Maritime Customs in September 1874 as a Third Class Tidewaiter. He died in December 1881 when serving as an Assistant Examiner at Tientsin. [xxxii] British. Moxham joined the IMC in October 1874 as a Third Class Tidewaiter; and was discharged as a Third Class Tidewaiter at Swatow in September 1879. [xxxiii] British. George J. Eliott was born in London on 16 July 1835. Eliott joined the IMC in November 1873 as a Third Class Tidewaiter; he died on 9 April 1878 while serving as a Second Class Tidewaiter at Takow. Buried in the Takow Foreign Cemetery. [xxxiv] British. Morgan joined IMC in November 1864 as a Fourth Class Clerk; died on leave as a Commissioner in February 1907. Morgan's Chinese name [馬根]. [xxxv] American. William Franklin Spinney graduated from Harvard University in 1874. Spinney [馬必立] joined IMC in August 1874 as a Fourth Assistant B; resigned in December 1905 when serving as Commissioner at Soochow. The last Commissioner at Takow in 1895. Spinney died in 1928. [xxxvi] British. Thomas Norman Manners was born in Boston, Lincolnshire, in 1848. He joined the IMC as a Third Class Tidewaiter in October 1871; he resigned in September 1908 when on leave as a Chief Tidesurveyor. He married Catherine Wilson from St Ives, Cornwall, at Swatow in about 1876. They had many children, including 3 that were born in Taiwan. Manners died at Penzance in 1914. [xxxvii] British. James Dullen Smith was born in 1841 at Hull, Yorkshire. Smith joined IMC in October 1867 as a Tidewaiter; resigned in March 1890 when an Examiner on leave. [xxxviii] Danish. Jeremiassen joined the IMC in April 1876 as a Probationary Tidewaiter; discharged in September 1879 when a Second Class Tidewaiter. [xxxix] British. W B Russell joined the IMC in October 1869 as a Fourth Class Clerk, A; died in May 1898 at Nagasaki while serving as Swatow Commissioner. [xl] British. Jonathan Willie Innocent was born in 1857 at Truro, Cornwall. His father was a Missionary to China. Innocent joined the IMC as an Assistant on probation in July 1877. He married Edith Janet Wadman from Sussex at Ningpo in about 1884; they had 5 known children, all born in China. He retired in March 1921 when he was Commissioner at Wuhu. Innocent died on 16 May 1947 at Tunbridge Wells, Kent. [xli] British. James Lewitt Tebbutt was born in Leicestershire in 1850, and married there in 1868. Tebbutt joined the Customs in September 1874 as a Watcher. He died at Tientsin when an Examiner in August 1893. [xlii] British. Russell joined the IMC in October 1875 as a Watcher; died in September 1887 while serving as an Assistant Examiner at Shanghai. Russell's Chinese name was [勞偲]. [xliii] German. August W. Bφhncke joined IMC as a Probationary Lightkeeper; died December 1879 while serving as a Tidewaiter at Takow. Buried at Takow Foreign Cemetery. [xliv] French. Alfred Novion was born in 1838 and joined the IMC as a Fourth Class Clerk in January 1863. Novion died in May 1904 while on unattached leave as a Commissioner. Novion's Chinese name was [那威魯]. [xlv] German. Kleinwachter joined the IMC as a Fourth Assistant,B, in December 1879; discharged in London in February 1885. [xlvi] Austrian. Sigismund von Fries joined the Service in November 1876 as an Assistant, B; died when serving at Kiungchow in October 1893. [xlvii] British. Field joined the IMC as an Acting Boat Officer in September 1879; he was discharged when a Boat Officer at Amoy in March 1888. [xlviii] British. Loughlan Alan Byworth joined the IMC as a Watcher in September 1879; resigned in October 1920 when the Chief Tidesurveyor at Kowloon. After retirement he went to live in Australia. [xlix] British. Richard Herbert Nazer was born in 1850 at Dover, Kent. Nazer joined the Service as an Extra Watcher in April 1881; he was discharged at Hankow in March 1884 when a First Class Tidewaiter. [l] Dutch. Browne joined the IMC as an Extra Watcher in February 1881; died in November 1883 at Takow where he was serving as a Third Class Tidewaiter. Buried at Takow Foreign Cemetery. [li] British. Stent [司登得] joined the IMC as a First Class Tidewaiter in March 1869; died in September 1884 at Takow where he was serving as Second Assistant,A, and Assistant-in-Charge. Buried in the Takow Foreign Cemetery. [lii] American. Merrill [墨賢禮] joined the IMC in September 1874 as a Fourth Assistant, B; he resigned in August 1916 when a Commissioner on leave. [liii] German. Ruhstrat joined as a 4th Assistant, B, in November 1881; died when on leave in January 1913. [liv] British. Charles John Price joined the Maritime Customs in June 1867 as a Tidewaiter; resigned in January 1902 when on leave as a Tidesurveyor at Wuchow. [lv] French. Dubois joined the Imperial Maritime Customs as a Tidewaiter in November 1865; he died in August 1894 while on leave as a Chief Examiner. [lvi] British. Russell joined the IMC in July 1879 as a Watcher; he was discharged in March 1909 while serving as an Assistant Examiner at Shanghai. [lvii] British. Edward Fitzgerald Creagh was born in 1850 in Ireland. Creagh [格類] joined the IMC as a Fourth Assistant, B, in April 1875; he resigned in March 1897 while on leave as a First Assistant, A. Wrote an account of 'A journey overland from Amoy to Hankow in 1879' which appears in the Journal of the Royal Geographical Society. Vol 50. 1880. Creagh married Charlotte Duncan Pringle in 1891 but died in 1902 at Hastings, Sussex. [lviii] British. Mackey [馬吉] joined IMC in March 1861 as an Assistant; resigned in May 1889 when Deputy Harbour Master at Amoy. [lix] British. Molloy joined the IMC in March 1873 as a Watcher; retired in March 1921 as a Chief Tidesurveyor on leave. [lx] British. F Cartman joined the Customs Service as a Watcher in May 1878. He was discharged in June 1887 when an Assistant Examiner at Takow. [lxi] German. Rogister joined the IMC in August 1882 as a Watcher; he died in March 1889 while serving at Takow. Rogister is buried in the Takow Foreign Cemetery. [lxii] American. Woodruff [吳德祿] joined the IMC as a Fourth Assistant in August 1865; he resigned in March 1897 when serving as Commissioner at Ichang. [lxiii] British. Leonard Le Breton was born c1846 at St Helier, Jersey. He joined the IMC as a Tidewaiter in June 1871. Le Breton married Amy Parr at Takow in 1886. He resigned from the service at Ningbo in March 1897 when a Chief Examiner. [lxiv] British. Amoy Lay [李明良] was born in China about 1843 and entered the IMC in April 1867 as a Fourth Class Clerk; he died in England in April 1911 as a Commissioner on leave. Son of George Tradescant Lay, Amoy Consul 1842-45, died 1846. [lxv] British. Hanisch [哈密師] joined the IMC in June 1881 as a Clerk; he retired in March 1921 when serving as Deputy Commissioner in the Canton Native Customs. [lxvi] British. Tindall joined the service as a Watcher in April 1880; he resigned in October 1891 when an Assistant Examiner at Anping. [lxvii] British. Kopsch [葛顯禮] joined IMC as a Student Interpreter in January 1862; resigned in January 1900 with rank of Commissioner. Born 1845 in Surrey according to 1871 UK Census; died 1913 on Isle of Wight. [lxviii] British. Brazier [白萊喜] joined the IMC as Fourth Assistant, B, on probation in April 1878; resigned as unattached Commissioner on leave in March 1908. Married W Wykeham Myers daughter in 1893. [lxix] British. Dawson joined the IMC in January 1881 as a Watcher; retired as Chief Surveyor on leave in May 1921. [lxx] British. George William Luce joined the IMC as a Third Class Tidewaiter in October 1873. Luce died in January 1894 when an Examiner at Kiukiang. [lxxi] British. Montgomery [孟國美] joined the service as a Fourth Assistant, B, in July 1876; he died in England, aged 46 (b. 1856), as a Commissioner on leave in September 1902. Taiwanfoo ceased to be capital of Taiwan in 1890. [lxxii] British. Moorhead [穆厚達] joined the Service as a Fourth Assistant, B, in April 1882; he retired in March 1921 when Commissioner at Swatow. [lxxiii] British. McCallum joined the IMC as a Watcher in October 1890; he resigned in July 1895 when a Third Class Tidewaiter at Shanghai. Worked for the Republic of Taiwan Customs at Anping with Burton. [lxxiv] British. Strangman entered the IMC as a Watcher in January 1884; he resigned in April 1918 when Chief Tidesurveyor at Swatow. [lxxv] British. McLavy joined the IMC as a Watcher in February 1890; he resigned when an Examiner, A, at Shanghai in January 1912. [lxxvi] Austrian. L von Fries [佛里士] joined the Service in November 1873 as a 4th Assistant, B; he resigned when on leave in March 1896. [lxxvii] British. Ernest Alabaster was born in 1872. Alabaster joined the Customs as a Fourth Assistant, B, in June 1889. He retired in July 1929 holding the rank of Commissioner but detached to the Customs College at Peking. Alabaster died in London in 1950. [lxxviii] British. Fletcher joined the IMC as a Clerk on probation in November 1889; He died at Anping as a Fourth Assistant,B, in March 1893. [lxxix] British (Irish). Augustine Henry entered the IMC as a Medical Assistant in July 1881; he resigned in September 1902 when a Second Assistant on leave. He was notable as a botanist. [lxxx] British. Thorne joined the IMC as a Fourth Assistant, B, in June 1889; he retired in June 1925 when on leave as Commissioner at Kiukiang. [lxxxi] British. Tipp joined the IMC as Watcher in May 1881; he died in February 1913 as an Appraiser on leave. [lxxxii] British. Burton joined the IMC as a Watcher in July 1893; he retired in January 1924 when an Appraiser, B, at Foochow. Worked for the Republic of Taiwan Customs in 1895 under McCallum.
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Sources : China Directories (as available); Maritime Customs Annual Returns and Reports of Taiwan, 1867-1895; British Foreign Office papers in series FO 228; Davidson's 'The Island of Formosa Past and Present'; Chinese Maritime Customs Project at Bristol University (http://www.bristol.ac.uk/history/customs/). Illustrations : From top of page - IMC pennants from 1873, courtesy Chinese Maritime Customs Project; Sketch of Robert Hart, courtesy Wikipedia; Flag of the Republic of Taiwan, original source unknown.
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